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A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke and issues a signal to a fire alarm system, or issues a local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector itself. A household smoke detector will typically be mounted in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but the shape can vary by manufacturer. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), but some of them use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Smoke detectors are usually powered by battery; some are connected directly to power mains — often have a battery as a power supply backup in case the mains power fails. The smoke detector is one of three items of fire safety apparatus which are both recommended for homes and can be self-installed by the consumer. The second is a fire extinguisher, and the third is a fire blanket. The first automatic electric fire alarm was invented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton (US patent no. 436,961). Upton was an associate of Thomas Edison, although there is no evidence that Edison contributed to this project. In the late 1930s the Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected that gas entering the sensor would bind to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit in the instrument. His device failed: small concentrations of gas had no effect on the sensor's conductivity. Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette--and was soon surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current. Smoke particles had apparently done what poison gas could not. Jaeger's experiment was one of the advances that paved the way for the modern smoke detector. It was 30 years, however, before progress in nuclear chemistry and solid-state electronics made a cheap sensor possible. While home smoke detectors were available during most of the 1960s, the price of these devices was rather high. Before that, alarms were so expensive that only major businesses and theaters could afford them The first truly affordable home smoke detectors were invented by Duane D. Pearsall and Stanley Bennett Peterson in 1965, featuring individual battery powered units that could be easily installed and replaced. The first units for mass production came from the manufacturing mind of Stanley B. Peterson in 1975 at Duane Pearsall’s company in Lakewood, Colorado, named Statitrol Corporation. These first units were made from strong fire resistant steel and shaped much like a bee's hive. The battery was a rechargeable specialized unit created by Gates Energy. The need of a quick replace battery didn't take long to show its need and the rechargeable was replaced with a pair of double A's along with a plastic shell encasing the detector. Daniel Peterson, son to Stanley, was the manufacturing floor supervisor and shipping lead for quality control setting a new record for small business PCB electro/mechanical manufacturing during the time (1975–1977). The small assembly line sent close to 500 units per day before Statitrol sold its invention to Emerson Electric in 1980 and Sears’s retailers picked up full distribution of the 'now required in every home' smoke detector. The first commercial smoke detectors came to market in 1969. Today they are installed in 93 percent of U.S. homes and 85% of UK homes. However it is estimated that any given time over 30% of these alarms don't work, as users remove the batteries, or forget to replace them. Although commonly attributed to NASA, smoke detectors were not invented as a result of the space program, though a variant with adjustable sensitivity was developed for Skylab.
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